I-Epalamente akazange approve kakumkani ke amagunya
Bafika kwi-Cathedral isihlomelo kwi-Bergen ukuba expose imbali babo umtshato kwi-ithemba france babo umtshato pactWonke omnye ilizwi dialogues waba ngenyameko ebhalwe phantsi oluneenkcukacha protocols."Oko basenokuba kakhulu chaotic"utshilo historian Hanne Marie Johansen. Yena waye PhD yakhe kwi kwi-imbali wokuqhawula umtshato ngowe."Ingakumbi lokuqala nesiqingatha i-th century. Inkqubo esemthethweni inkcubeko waba spontaneous abantu ayikwazi nje faka kwaye chitchat kunye lwabagwebi. Abafazi azisa zabo abahlobo kwi alleys kwaye ekubeni kwabo ukunika ubungqina malunga abayeni babo ukuza ekhaya antonio kwaye isithethi abusive ngakulo abafazi babo."Ephikisana yintoni abaninzi babe kukholelwa, umzekelo ukuba wokuqhawula umtshato wenziwa agciniwe kuba abantu bomgangatho ophezulu, isemthethweni protocols bonisa ukuba couples kuvela zonke iifayili kuluntu. Amahlwempu weren khange ibe igcwalisiwe na iindleko zasemthethweni. Yena ufumana iyanikela angeliso inqaku ngendlela ekhethekileyo mba ka-Scandinavian Journal of History ukuze ezijolise wokuqhawula umtshato."Ngokusebenzisa i-nzulu yembali yabantu wokuqhawula umtshato sinako inzuzo elithetha uye waba yintoni mbasa eqhelekileyo. Apho baye kuzoba kwimida malunga isohlwayo ka-umfazi nabantwana umzekelo.
Thina yokufikelela kwi-prevalent attitudes ye-ethandwa kakhulu inkcubeko."Wokuqhawula umtshato-nkqubo ngu-isihloko se Johansen ke yokugqibela inqaku kwi isithai imbali wokuqhawula umtshato.
Imbali iqala nge reformation, apho celebrates yayo anesihlanu centennial kulo nyaka."Celibacy waba inferior womtshato, kwaye clergy baba kuvunyelwe enye. Luther fronted oku ngokuthi marrying a nun, kwaye zibhengezwe usapho ubomi njengesona sikhulu uvuyo ebomini."Ngaphakathi Catholic ukholo umtshato ingu a umthendeleko. Protestantism wemka-siseko ukuze umtshato wenziwa insoluble"uthi historian. Luther nezinye reformers ifunyenwe le emidlalo kuba permissible wokuqhawula umtshato kwi-Ibhayibhile. Zintathu emidlalo baba yafumanisa: infidelity, desertio - xa omnye partners emagqabini okanye disappears, kwaye impotence. Ngexesha th kwaye th centuries, basekhaya waba heavily debated njengokuba kwenzeke emhlabeni kuba wokuqhawula umtshato.
Luther ekugqibeleni ndagqiba ukuba ubundlobongela basekhaya akazange i-owamkelekileyo isizathu wokuqhawula umtshato, kodwa ezinye reformers disagreed.
Norway ke kuqala isemthethweni umthetho kwi umba waba Fredrik II ke mmiselo ngomhla we-mtshato imiba esuka, apho wokuqhawula umtshato lenziwa isemthethweni ngokungqinelana nomgaqo-ezintathu recognised bebhayibhile emidlalo."Umtshato ummiselo waba basically nje zifakiwe kwi kamva umthetho. Ke ngoko, nibe kuthi ukuba umthetho waba semthethweni kwi-iphepha de silifumene omtsha umtshato umthetho ngowe-"utshilo Johansen. Wokuqhawula umtshato akazange ngokufanayo kwi-Norway ngeli xesha.
Inkqubo engqongqo senzo waba kwagcinwa eziliqela decades
Kwakukho mhlawumbi ezine okanye ezintlanu kwiimeko kunyaka ngamnye kwi-emva kwexesha s kwaye jikelele ishumi kunyaka ngamnye ngexesha s.
I-amatyala baba balingwe kwi-ebizwa-isahluko inkundla, rhoqo wakhokela ngubhishophu.
Eyona isizathu sokuba abantu isetyenziswe kuba wokuqhawula umtshato wenziwa desertio, ukuba umyeni, kwaye mhlawumbi exceptional amatyala umfazi wakhe, waba ilahlekile! Oku isetyenziswe ezimbini thirds le amatyala. Ke ngoko, de th century uninzi abo isetyenziswe kuba wokuqhawula umtshato kwakukho abafazi. Kwi-Karine kwaye Nils' ityala ngasentla - apho lowo etsaliweyo yakhe yi-iinwele, nangona hayi kwi gutter - akusebenzi ukuba i-udushe ukuba wanika Karine wokuqhawula umtshato wakhe. Kwaba yokuba Nils kokuba umntwana kunye umntu ongomnye - kokuba ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba abangathembekanga yakhe ibe ngumfazi."Kwezinye iimeko udushe, besilwa, okanye mali hlawulela ngokucacileyo yenkqu isizathu"utshilo Johansen. Ke ngoko, ngokomthetho wepalamente intended infidelity ukuze kuphunyezwe wokuqhawula umtshato akazange owamkelekileyo."Omnye umfazi wathi ngqo ngaphandle ukuba yena bebe abangathembekanga ukuze kunikelwa wokuqhawula umtshato. Kangangokuba, kwayo isicelo irhoxisiwe.Kwi-siseko, abafazi kokuba amanye amalungelo. Kwezinye cultures, infidelity ufumana into yokuba abafazi ingakumbi kumele kuphetshwe ukufumana kulo. Umthetho wepalamente kwaye isemthethweni amanqaku kwi-Norway bengengabo ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kule meko. Umthetho isetyenziswe bobabini genders."Ezimbini engundoqo motivations kuba nokufaka wokuqhawula umtshato ngathi ayixhasi namnye wambi a desperate kufuneka ufumane ngaphandle i-ukwenzeka ubomi imeko okanye prospects omtsha, ngakumbi nabafana umtshato union."Kwezi iimeko lwabagwebi rhoqo argue ukuba umfazi sele prospects yokuba kumiselweyo ngaphakathi omtsha umtshato bengayi yima wokuqhawula umtshato ukusuka kokudlula.- Mandla emphasised i-friendship umba umtshato. Abazali baba indima models kuba abantwana babo, kwaye abahlala a ubomi ngoxolo kwaye uphazamiso waba a Christian namanani. I-ugqaliso akazange ukuba abafazi baba nicinge ukuba bayithobele abayeni babo, kodwa kungcono ukuba bamele nokwakha isempilweni ubudlelwane kunye. Indlela apho ababethetha ngalento ikhangeleka kuyafuneka kwaye phantse bale mihla."Basekhaya waba mbasa a ulwaphulo-mthetho. Kodwa isahluko inkundla akazange banelungelo lokufumana isibonelelo wokuqhawula umtshato kule emhlabeni."Nangona kunjalo, isahluko inkundla bohlwaywe iimeko malunga udushe, besilwa, kwaye besela ngexesha lokuqala nesiqingatha i-th century. Lwabagwebi listened kwaye interceded"utshilo Johansen."Ngalo ndlela le couples ayikwazi nethemba okunokukhethwa kuko. I-isahluko inkundla eza phezulu kunye isebenziseke izisombululo, umzekelo ukuba partners bahlala ngaphandle iminyaka emibini ukuze sibone oko kwenzeka kamva.
Oko elungisiweyo brutal kubayeni urged i-couples ukuba uhlale ukuthula."Inkqubo esemthethweni waba professionalised, isemthethweni ingcaphephe waba ngaphezulu influential, kwaye izilingo waba ngaphezulu kulandelwe.
Iimfuno kuba ubungqina waba stricter, njengoko benza iimfuno kuba unblemished imbali - ukuba umbingeleli okanye wobulali amapolisa ayikwazi vouch kuba yinxalenye nokufaka wokuqhawula umtshato. I-isahluko inkundla ayikwazi ukuchitha kweenyanga eziliqela numerous iintlanganiso ngokuxoxa umntu amatyala. Ngaphakathi isidanish-isithai autocracy kwakukho ngoku zimbini iindlela yokufumana a wokuqhawula umtshato - mhlawumbi ngokusebenzisa isemthethweni yovavanyo okanye nge-ekubhaleni ukumkani. Kwaye ukumkani wagqiba kwelokuba ngokumnika wokuqhawula umtshato wenziwa into lowo izakuba ndonwabe ukwenza."Ukumkani wawufumana izicelo kuba wokuqhawula umtshato wonke ngoku kwaye kwangoko kwaye waye imali kuyo. Ngoku yena kugqitywe ukuba oku kwaba into wafuna ukwenza, kwaye lowo abantu bayakhuthazwa ukuba isicelo kuye,"utshilo Johansen. I abafaki-zicelo kwafuneka kuvavanya unblemished imbali, kodwa ke, asikwazanga kufuneka nayiphi na ingingqi isizathu wanting a wokuqhawula umtshato."Lento Kweminyaka Internetname, ekubeni liberal waba bale mihla.
Ngexesha isifrentshi revolution, kokuba wokuqhawula umtshato tribunals.Ukuba ufuna wambetha kwaye tyrannies iqabane lakho kwi-th century oko kuthetha ukuba ukhe ubene france umtshato isivumelwano, ngokunxulumene eziliqela ngabemi thinkers ngexesha.
Ekubeni beaten kwaye tyrannized ayikho into yakho umfazi esayiniweyo phezulu kuba."Phakathi iileta ukumkani, Johansen ezifumeneyo stories malunga iintsapho kunye namaqonga norms.
Phakathi elinesihlanu kwaye amabini couples baba wanika wokuqhawula umtshato kunyaka ngamnye kwi-Norway kwi-iminyaka phakathi kwaye, xa amanani thatha eqale ukuba kuwa. Ewonke, couples baba wanika wokuqhawula umtshato kwi ukumkani ke inceba phakathi kwaye."Iileta baba kuhlangatyezwana 'Ukumkani'. Ngoko ke kukho amaphepha phezu amaphepha malunga yintoni waya ezingachanekanga. Mhlawumbi benza impazamo ebutsheni babo, okanye i-wonke amalungiselelo waba kakhulu hasty. Okanye umyeni ke tyrant Baya asikwazanga kufuneka urhulumente nasiphi na isizathu, kodwa abazange ukubhala malunga tyranny kwaye besela"utshilo Johansen."Oko basenokuba umhlolokazi abo remarried umntu abo drank kwaye wachitha bonke imali. Okanye ke kusenokwenzeka ukuba abantu abaya kubhala ukuba passion sele disappeared kwaye ukuba friendship kuphela into ekhohlo kwi-mtshato.
Baya rhoqo ukubhala ukuba dispositions, babo mindset okanye temper musa thelekisa kwaye ukuba baya ufuna a wokuqhawula umtshato ngenxa yabantwana. Iileta isandi kakhulu bale mihla." Johansen luphindo a Scottish historian, Uleya Leneman.
Yena amabango ukuba akukho ndawo okanye ingaba senza ngcono nako nokubukela loluntu utshintsho ukuba wathabatha indawo ngexesha ekuqalekeni omtsha, bale mihla era, kunokuba ngaphakathi Scottish wokuqhawula umtshato amatyala ukusuka emva kwexesha s. Enye ibe wathi malunga isithai iileta ukumkani, ngokunxulumene Johansen."Baya zizalisiwe kunye ideals ka-Kweminyaka Internetname kwaye isifrentshi revolution, ezifana secularism, individualism, kwaye ngokwesini."I-liberal wokuqhawula umtshato-nkqubo ithathe ade Norway ke ukuzimela ngowe. Ekubhaleni iileta ukumkani ukucela wokuqhawula umtshato yaba yi-inkcazelo ukuba bypass umthetho kunye yayo ezintathu bebhayibhile emidlalo kuba wokuqhawula umtshato."I-lowiso-mthetho waba ndivuma kakhulu ngokuchasene yokuba ukumkani waba putting ngoku umthetho bucala kwabakho umzabalazo wenkululeko ukugcina-siseko kunye Ipalamente njengokuba sovereign iqumrhu lowiso-mthetho"utshilo Johansen. Edenmark, apho oku ungquzulwano waba non-existent, babona akukho tshintsho zabo wokuqhawula umtshato senzo. Utshintsho kwenzeka thatha kwi-Norway, kodwa jikelele kwaba systemised.
Kwakhona, kwaba highly unusual ukuba kunikelwa wokuqhawula umtshato."Ngaphezu koko, kwaba kakhulu kubalulekile kuba Ipalamente ukuba thintela isiswedish ukumkani ke amathuba ngokuba ethandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabantu"utshilo Johansen.
Amanani ukusuka s phakamisa ukuba malunga nama - zisixhenxe couples baba divorced kunyaka ngamnye. Noko ke, ukususela end ye-th century, liberal yavuthuza nemimoya kuwo Scandinavia.
Loomama amalungelo baba sifakwe kwi-ajenda, kwendlela ngxoxo-mpikiswano flourished, bohemians walwa kuba inkululeko engakumbi, kwaye Ibsen wabhala malunga Nora eshiya Helmer kwaye abantwana.
Edenmark, Johannes Nellemann, Umphathiswa wobulungisa kwaye unjingalwazi, kugqitywe ukubhala a thesis kwi zembali uphuhliso wokuqhawula umtshato Edenmark. Olu phando kanjalo lixoxiwe utshintsho kwi-isithai wokuqhawula umtshato senzo emva. Ngokunxulumene yokubhalwa amanqaku ukusuka s, Hellmann ke thesis ukusuka waba decisive kuba isithai liberal amalungu ezopolitiko' lokumiselwa reforming wokuqhawula umtshato umthetho. I-existent senzo waba, njengoko rhoqo kunjalo, liberalised phambi omtsha umthetho waba uphunyezwe. Emva, amanani yenyuka ukusuka zintandathu -zisixhenxe ngonyaka ngaphezulu amahlanu divorces ngonyaka.
Omtsha isithai wokuqhawula umtshato umthetho waba sele idlule kwi, kwaye eziliqela isemthethweni emidlalo baba recognised njengoko semthethweni izizathu wokuqhawula umtshato.
Umthetho kanjalo yamiselwa zimbini iindlela ukuze ufumane wokuqhawula umtshato - ngokusebenzisa inkqubo esemthethweni okanye ngapha yolawulo ingqikelelo, njengokuba kanjalo ukuziqhelanisa namhlanje.
Umthetho asikwazanga kanye kanye revolutionise loomama ubomi kwakukho kwaye inani izizathu apho wenza kube nzima kuba abafazi ukuba wokuqhawula umtshato abayeni babo omtsha umthetho wokuqhawula umtshato kwi-Norway kanjalo iphenjelelwe ezinye Nordic amazwe ukuba yiya kwezabo umthetho ku lo mba, kwaye Nordic ngentsebenziswano waba initiated ukuze yiya lonke umtshato umthetho.
Omtsha umthetho akazange iziphumo na ngqo ukwanda inani divorces. Nezinye izinto ezininzi kokuba beze kulo ndawo ngaphambi kokuba ngakumbi abafazi baba nako imitate Ibsen ke Nora. Amanani ukwanda ngokukhawuleza zilandelayo Yesibini Yehlabathi Imfazwe kwaye waqala falling kwakhona kwi-s. Ukususela ngoo- amanani yenyuka lotshintsho kwaye kufuneka zihleli i-eziphezulu ukusukela ngoko. Phezulu wokuqhawula umtshato amanani baba ngokusondeleleneyo zidityanisiwe loluntu revolutions ngexesha, revolutions kwi imfundo, abafazi ke ungeniso ukuba nabasebenzi yentengiso, ngesondo revolution, nabafazi ke - mali emancipation. Wokuqhawula umtshato amanani kwi-Norway zithe declining yokugqibela ambalwa eminyaka. Ngokunxulumene ingqokelela yamanani: (SSB), ngaphantsi kune amane pesenti abo get watshata wokuqhawula umtshato."Abaninzi couples abathi ngaphambili ange divorced asingawo watshata namhlanje, kodwa cohabitants endaweni. Abo get watshata kukho ngaphezulu iityuwadefault colour couples kukho ngaphezulu breakups phakathi cohabitants.".
